1. Java Concurrency Utilities - java.util.concurrent
2. Java BlockingQueue
3. ArrayBlockingQueue
4. DelayQueue
5. LinkedBlockingQueue
6. PriorityBlockingQueue
7. SynchronousQueue
8. BlockingDeque
9. LinkedBlockingDeque
10. ConcurrentMap
11. ConcurrentNavigableMap
12. CountDownLatch
13. CyclicBarrier
14. Exchanger
15. Semaphore
16. Java ExecutorService
17. Java Callable
18. Java Future
19. ThreadPoolExecutor
20. ScheduledExecutorService
21. Java ForkJoinPool
22. Java Lock
23. ReadWriteLock
24. AtomicBoolean
25. AtomicInteger
26. AtomicLong
27. AtomicReference
28. AtomicStampedReference
29. AtomicIntegerArray
30. AtomicLongArray
31. AtomicReferenceArray

• Creating an AtomicReference
  • Creating a Typed AtomicReference
• Getting the AtomicReference Reference
• Setting the AtomicReference Reference
• Comparing and Setting the AtomicReference Reference

The AtomicReference class provides an object reference variable which can be read and written atomically. By atomic is meant that multiple threads attempting to change the same AtomicReference (e.g. with a compare-and-swap operation) will not make the AtomicReference end up in an inconsistent state. AtomicReference even has an advanced compareAndSet() method which lets you compare the reference to an expected value (reference) and if they are equal, set a new reference inside the AtomicReference object.

Creating an AtomicReference

You can create an AtomicReference instance like this:

AtomicReference atomicReference = new AtomicReference();

If you need to create the AtomicReference with an initial reference, you can do so like this:

String initialReference = "the initially referenced string";
AtomicReference atomicReference = new AtomicReference(initialReference);

Creating a Typed AtomicReference

You can use Java generics to create a typed AtomicReference. Here is a typed AtomicReference example:

AtomicReference<String> atomicStringReference =
    new AtomicReference<String>();

You can also set an initial value for a typed AtomicReference. Here is a typed AtomicReference instantiation example with an initial value:

String initialReference = "the initially referenced string";
AtomicReference<String> atomicStringReference =
    new AtomicReference<String>(initialReference);

Getting the AtomicReference Reference

You can get the reference stored in an AtomicReference using the AtomicReference's get() method. If you have an untyped AtomicReference then the get() method returns an Object reference. If you have a typed AtomicReference then get() returns a reference to the type you declared on the AtomicReference variable when you created it.

Here is first an untyped AtomicReference get() example:

AtomicReference atomicReference = new AtomicReference("first value referenced");

String reference = (String) atomicReference.get();

Notice how it is necessary to cast the reference returned by get() to a String because get() returns an Object reference when the AtomicReference is untyped.

Here is a typed AtomicReference example:

AtomicReference<String> atomicReference = 
     new AtomicReference<String>("first value referenced");

String reference = atomicReference.get();

Notice how it is no longer necessary to cast the referenced returned by get() because the compiler knows it will return a String reference.

Setting the AtomicReference Reference

You can set the reference stored in an AtomicReference instance using its set() method. In an untyped AtomicReference instance the set() method takes an Object reference as parameter. In a typed AtomicReference the set() method takes whatever type as parameter you declared as its type when you declared the AtomicReference.

Here is an AtomicReference set() example:

AtomicReference atomicReference = 
     new AtomicReference();
    
atomicReference.set("New object referenced");

There is no difference to see in the use of the set() method for an untyped or typed reference. The only real difference you will experience is that the compiler will restrict the types you can set on a typed AtomicReference.

Comparing and Setting the AtomicReference Reference

The AtomicReference class contains a useful method named compareAndSet(). The compareAndSet() method can compare the reference stored in the AtomicReference instance with an expected reference, and if they two references are the same (not equal as in equals() but same as in ==), then a new reference can be set on the AtomicReference instance.

If compareAndSet() sets a new reference in the AtomicReference the compareAndSet() method returns true. Otherwise compareAndSet() returns false.

Here is an AtomicReference compareAndSet() example:

String initialReference = "initial value referenced";

AtomicReference<String> atomicStringReference =
    new AtomicReference<String>(initialReference);

String newReference = "new value referenced";
boolean exchanged = atomicStringReference.compareAndSet(initialReference, newReference);
System.out.println("exchanged: " + exchanged);

exchanged = atomicStringReference.compareAndSet(initialReference, newReference);
System.out.println("exchanged: " + exchanged);

This example creates a typed AtomicReference with an initial reference. Then it calls comparesAndSet() two times to compare the stored reference to the initial reference, and set a new reference if the stored reference is equal to the initial reference. The first time the two references are the same, so a new reference is set on the AtomicReference. The second time the stored reference is the new reference just set in the call to compareAndSet() before, so the stored reference is of course not equal to the initial reference. Thus, a new reference is not set on the AtomicReference and the compareAndSet() method returns false.